498+ Crow Names: Popular, Mythology, Pop Culture Ideas And Name Generator
Crow names often reflect the bird’s clever and mysterious personality. Known for their problem-solving skills, tool use, and sharp memory, crows are among the most intelligent animals on earth. According to National Geographic, their learning abilities rival those of primates.
These birds are also deeply connected to culture, myths, and legends. In many traditions, crows symbolize wisdom, transformation, and mystery. Their social behavior and ability to thrive in different habitats make them fascinating companions to study and admire. Learn more about crow traits on Britannica.
Whether you’re naming a pet crow, a character in a story, or just curious about their world, crow names capture the spirit of these smart creatures. Their communication skills and playful personalities show why they stand out in the bird kingdom. You can explore crow behavior further at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Crow Name Generator
Key Insights About Crows
Components | Details |
---|---|
Common Name | Crow |
Scientific Name | Corvus |
Order | Passeriformes |
Class | Aves |
Family | Corvidae |
Species | Over 40 species worldwide |
Habitat | Forests, grasslands, cities, farmlands |
Diet | Omnivorous – insects, fruits, seeds, carrion |
Behavior | Highly intelligent, problem-solving, social |
Communication | Vocal calls, mimicry, body gestures |
Lifespan | 7–20 years (in the wild) |
Size | 16–21 inches (40–53 cm) |
Weight | 300–600 grams |
Popular Names for Crows
These popular crow names are timeless and loved by bird enthusiasts worldwide.
Shadow | Echo | Jet |
Inky | Ash | Ember |
Storm | Raven | Dusk |
Midnight | Coal | Phantom |
Smokey | Cinder | Twilight |
Nightfall | Obsidian | Zephyr |
Onyx | Pitch | Vanta |
Sable | Murk | Flint |
Eclipse | Shady | Ravenna |
Foggy | Nimbus | Slate |
Haze | Moony | Winglet |
Crowley | Plume | Stormy |
Talon | Rook | Sooty |
Corvus | Stark | Gloom |
Umbra | Spook | Whisper |

Top Crow Names
Here are the top crow names that reflect their intelligence and mysterious charm.
Noir | Jetty | Shadowfax |
Ace | Piper | Phantom |
Hades | Loki | Salem |
Zorro | Nyx | Styx |
Obsidian | Emberly | Poe |
Stormbringer | Myst | Shiver |
Diablo | Shroud | Grim |
Mortis | Nebula | Vortex |
Chaos | Omen | Rune |
Goth | Ravenor | Bane |
Lucius | Eclipse | Pyro |
Whisper | Vesper | Murmur |
Ashen | Cawley | Crowbar |
Dread | Grimsy | Pitcher |
Rocco | Ironclaw | Stygian |
Best Names for a Pet Crow
These names are great for pet crows and reflect their friendly yet clever nature.
Pepper | Kiwi | Coco |
Jasper | Blu | Tiki |
Luna | Poppy | Nibbles |
Smokey | Dash | Pebbles |
Zippy | Inky | Flick |
Ollie | Pip | Dottie |
Skye | Misty | Chirpy |
Juno | Trixie | Echo |
Stormy | Kiki | Pongo |
Boo | Dot | Willow |
Cleo | Star | Ziggy |
Pebble | Ruffles | Mopsy |
Feathers | Sunny | Twinkle |
Gizmo | Flappy | Breezy |
Choco | Cookie | Fuzzy |
Cute Crow Names

These cute crow names are perfect for highlighting their playful and adorable side.
Bubbles | Pippin | Lolly |
Pebby | Button | Snickers |
Niblet | Pudding | Muffin |
Twinkle | Sprinkles | Jellybean |
Tootsie | Poppyseed | Snappy |
Pippa | Giggles | Fluffy |
Doodles | Noodles | Binky |
Pompom | Sparkle | Luma |
Winky | Skittles | Peppy |
Puffin | Cuddles | Tipsy |
Dizzy | Tiki | Taffy |
Nibsy | Starry | Cherry |
Swoopy | Trinket | Pixie |
Binkyboo | Tinker | Dolly |
Bubblesy | Fizz | Cutie |

Funny Crow Names
Funny crow names add humor to their smart yet mischievous personality.
Crowbar | Cawcaw | Beaky |
Squawk | Sir Cawsalot | Birdzilla |
Flappy McFlap | Mr. Pecks | Featherbrain |
Beakster | Quacker | Blackwing |
Crowvid | Cornelius | Sootball |
Cawfee | Eggbert | Hootless |
Chatterbox | Cawzilla | Poe Poe |
Inkpot | Beakman | Feathersworth |
Flocko | Pecky Blinders | Squawkers |
Birdnado | Crowbie | Cawphin |
Squawkson | Peckachu | Beaklejuice |
Wingo | Dr. Caw | Sootface |
Squawkie Chan | Egghead | Clawdia |
Feathery McGraw | Squawkbert | Sir Squawks |
Cawvin | Cawthon | Beakzilla |
Cool Crow Names
Cool crow names reflect their mysterious, edgy, and striking personalities.
Viper | Blade | Talon |
Phantom | Vortex | Ravenor |
Onyx | Obsidian | Ember |
Hades | Styx | Loki |
Grim | Chaos | Rune |
Omen | Diablo | Pitch |
Nebula | Eclipse | Shade |
Nyx | Dusk | Zephyr |
Pyro | Shiver | Bane |
Thorn | Ironclaw | Scythe |
Jet | Crowley | Murk |
Gloom | Spade | Dagger |
Ashen | Ravenna | Umbra |
Nocturne | Spook | Inferno |
Wraith | Goth | Stormbringer |
Dark Crow Names
Dark crow names capture their eerie, mystical, and shadowy essence.
Midnight | Umbra | Nightshade |
Morpheus | Lilith | Vesper |
Styx | Hallow | Necro |
Dread | Sable | Shade |
Phantom | Omen | Rune |
Salem | Obsidian | Nocturne |
Eclipse | Grave | Cryptic |
Wraith | Grim | Gloom |
Hades | Diablo | Reaper |
Mortis | Pitch | Crowley |
Vanta | Corvus | Spook |
Ravenor | Murk | Abyss |
Ashen | Bane | Goth |
Dusk | Nightfall | Stormy |
Shroud | Shiver | Necra |

Clever Crow Names
Clever crow names show off their intelligence, wit, and quick learning abilities.
Brainy | Sherlock | Watson |
Edison | Tesla | Newton |
Einstein | Smarty | Logic |
Riddle | Puzzle | Cipher |
Cleverton | Brighty | Thinker |
Tactix | Witty | Genius |
Query | Answer | Mindy |
Sage | Oracle | Quizz |
Cogs | Gadget | Wizzy |
Jigsaw | Sudoku | Quizzer |
Figgy | Memory | Nimble |
Snappy | Whiz | Dexter |
Clue | Hacker | Tinker |
Brightwing | Quickwit | Smarts |
Logicus | Intellect | Swift |
Famous Crow Names
These famous crow names come from stories, films, and legends where crows have made a lasting impression.
Huginn | Muninn | Poe |
Odin’s Raven | Bran | Morrigan |
Crowley | Corax | Hugin |
Munin | Karasu | Morrígu |
Nevermore | Blackwing | Stormcrow |
Yatagarasu | Kaepora | Cawthorne |
Raven | Diablo | Shadowfax |
Skoll | Hrafn | Morríghan |
Pluvia | Shade | Spooky |
Crowe | Edgar | Nightwing |
Coal | Jet | Stark |
Branwen | Crowsworth | Noctis |
Quoth | Cawkins | Umbra |
Stormbringer | Pitch | Twilight |
Inky | Goth | Whisper |
Pop Culture Crow & Raven Names
These crow and raven names are inspired by movies, books, comics, and pop culture.
Raven (Teen Titans) | Nevermore | Maleficent’s Raven |
Huginn (Norse Myth) | Muninn | Diablo (Sleeping Beauty) |
Crowley (Good Omens) | Eric Draven (The Crow) | Stormcrow (Gandalf’s title) |
Poe (Edgar Allan Poe) | Quoth | Lenore |
Bran (Game of Thrones) | Ravenclaw (Harry Potter) | Morrigan (Celtic) |
Karasu (Anime) | Hugin | Munin |
Nevermore (WoW) | Darkwing | Jet the Hawk (Sonic) |
Hexxus (FernGully) | Kaw (Disney’s Jungle Book) | Huginn’s Wing |
Shadowfax | Blackwing | The Crow (Movie) |
Stark Raven | Shinigami Crow | Demon’s Raven |
Crowbar (Marvel) | Rook (DC Comics) | Blackfeather |
Shadow (Comics) | Omen | Whisperer |
Loki’s Raven | Twilight Raven | Raven Queen |
Doomwing | Wingblade | Inkfeather |
Crow Names in Mythology & Their Meanings
These mythological crow names are tied to gods, folklore, and cultural beliefs.
Huginn (Thought) | Muninn (Memory) | Morrigan (Celtic goddess) |
Badb (Irish war goddess) | Nemain | Bran (Welsh giant) |
Branwen (Welsh goddess) | Eire Crow | Valkyrie Crow |
Yatagarasu (Japanese Sun Crow) | Apollo’s Crow | Hel’s Raven |
Camulus (Crow god) | Skoll | Hrafn |
Morrígu | Corax | Loki’s Crow |
Odin’s Raven | Stormcrow | Shani’s Crow (Hindu) |
Karasu | Kaala Pakshi | Yamaduta |
Dakini’s Crow | Kalikeya | Alkonost |
Phoenix Crow | Harbinger | Shadowbird |
Night Raven | Ashwing | Oracle |
Prophecy | Soulcrow | Whispering Wing |
Famine Crow | Death Crow | Battle Crow |
Duskwing | War Crow | Omen |
Mythical & Fantasy Crow Names
These crow names come from fantasy, magic, and fictional worlds full of mystery.
Shadowfang | Darkfeather | Nightshade |
Soulwing | Ashcloak | Stormbringer |
Obsidian | Shadeheart | Eclipse |
Thornwing | Moonshadow | Ravenor |
Blackflame | Cryptwing | Wraithfeather |
Voidclaw | Duskwraith | Necroplume |
Nightbane | Frostwing | Bloodfeather |
Grimtalon | Phantomwing | Dreadplume |
Whisperfang | Infernus | Hexfeather |
Stygian | Crowbane | Vortex |
Omenclaw | Doomfeather | Hallowing |
Twilight | Duskstorm | Gloomwing |
Runeclaw | Shadowveil | Mystfeather |
Nethercrow | Darkspirit | Witchwing |
Chaosbeak | Ghostfeather | Nightfury |

Native American Crow Names
These crow names are inspired by Native American culture, where crows are seen as symbols of change, wisdom, and trickery.
Kangi (Lakota) | Iskweo (Crow Woman) | Makoyi (Wolf Crow) |
Wamblee (Eagle Crow) | Mato (Bear Crow) | Tahu (Sky Crow) |
Siksika (Blackfoot) | Ahuli (Cherokee Drum Crow) | Ayita (First to Dance) |
Yona (Bear) | Takoda (Friend to All) | Waya (Wolf) |
Chenoa (Dove) | Ahyv (Raven Spirit) | Elsu (Flying Crow) |
Kanuna (Bull Crow) | Yonah (Big Bear Crow) | Wuti (Woman Crow) |
Makwa (Bear) | Ahuliya (Winged Crow) | Tuketu (Fox Crow) |
Ahuli Crow | Nayeli (I Love You) | Takuma (Strong Crow) |
Wakanda (Sacred Crow) | Hania (Spirit Warrior) | Chayton (Falcon Crow) |
Ahyv Raven | Enola (Solitary Crow) | Hialeah (Beautiful Meadow Crow) |
Waya Crow | Ahyv Waya | Nayati (He Who Wrestles) |
Ahyoka (She Brought Happiness) | Mika (Intelligent Raccoon Crow) | Anoki (Actor Crow) |
Takala (Corn Tassel Crow) | Waban (East Wind Crow) | Kiona (Brown Hills Crow) |
Honovi (Strong Deer Crow) | Takhi (Colt Crow) | Chenoa Crow |
Indian Crow Names
In Indian culture, crows are connected to ancestors, spirituality, and omens.
Kaala Kauwa | Shani Pakshi | Yamapakshi |
Kaala Pakshi | Kaaga | Bhuta Vahana |
Pitru Paksha | Kali Kauwa | Kalu |
Kauwa Raja | Kauwa Dev | Kauwa Nath |
Kali Chaya | Kauwa Baba | Pakshi Dev |
Shani Kauwa | Yamdoot | Kauwa Ji |
Dakini Kauwa | Pakshi Nath | Kauwa Bhoot |
Kauwa Shakti | Kauwa Swami | Kauwa Rani |
Shani Kauwa Dev | Kauwa Kali | Kauwa Baba Ji |
Kauwa Yama | Kauwa Dharma | Kauwa Pitru |
Kauwa Naath | Kaag Bhairav | Kauwa Hanuman |
Kauwa Devi | Kauwa Vishnu | Kauwa Laxmi |
Kauwa Ram | Kauwa Krishna | Kauwa Surya |
Kauwa Chandra | Kauwa Indra | Kauwa Ketu |
Japanese Crow Names
In Japan, crows (karasu) are revered as mystical and divine, especially the three-legged crow Yatagarasu.
Karasu | Yatagarasu | Kuro |
Sora (Sky) | Hane (Feather) | Tsubasa (Wing) |
Kage (Shadow) | Yami (Darkness) | Kuroko (Little Black) |
Tenshi (Angel) | Kami (God) | Takai (High) |
Hikari (Light) | Kumo (Cloud) | Ame (Rain) |
Tsuki (Moon) | Taiyo (Sun) | Hoshiko (Star Child) |
Kuroi Tori (Black Bird) | Kagami (Mirror) | Shinigami (Death Spirit) |
Akumu (Nightmare) | Fushichou (Phoenix) | Kaien (Ocean Flame) |
Kurohana (Black Flower) | Kuromori (Black Forest) | Kuronami (Black Wave) |
Raijin (Thunder God) | Susanoo | Amaterasu’s Crow |
Shinobu (Endurance) | Hayate (Gale) | Kurotsuki (Black Moon) |
Tengu (Crow Demon) | Kagehane (Shadow Feather) | Kurogane (Black Steel) |
Kurosawa | Kurowashi (Black Eagle) | Kurogiri (Black Mist) |
Kaen (Flame) | Yoru (Night) | Shirogane (Silver) |
Kuropi | Hoshino | Kurosaki |
Crow Names in Other Languages
These crow names from different languages celebrate cultural variety worldwide.
Language | Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Latin | Corvus | Crow |
Greek | Korax | Raven |
French | Corbeau | Raven |
Spanish | Cuervo | Crow |
Italian | Corvo | Raven |
German | Krähe | Crow |
Russian | Voron | Raven |
Hindi | Kauwa | Crow |
Japanese | Karasu | Crow |
Chinese | Wūyā | Crow |
Korean | Galggori | Crow |
Arabic | Ghuraab | Crow |
Turkish | Karga | Crow |
Swahili | Kunguru | Crow |
Zulu | Ugaga | Crow |
Portuguese | Corvo | Crow |
Dutch | Kraai | Crow |
Polish | Kruk | Raven |
Finnish | Varis | Crow |
Hungarian | Varjú | Crow |
Danish | Krage | Crow |
Norwegian | Kråke | Crow |
Swedish | Kråka | Crow |
Icelandic | Hrafn | Raven |
Irish | Fiach | Raven |
Welsh | Brân | Raven |
Scottish Gaelic | Fitheach | Raven |
Hebrew | Orev | Raven |
Persian | Kalagh | Crow |
Urdu | Kauwa | Crow |
Thai | Krā | Crow |
Filipino | Uwak | Crow |
Malay | Gagak | Crow |
Indonesian | Gagak | Crow |
Vietnamese | Quạ | Crow |
Mongolian | Törgöön | Crow |
Maori | Raukura | Raven |
Hawaiian | ‘Alalā | Crow |
Tamil | Kaaka | Crow |
Telugu | Kaki | Crow |
Bengali | Kag | Crow |
Gujarati | Kagdo | Crow |
Punjabi | Kauwa | Crow |
Nepali | Kag | Crow |

Names That Mean Crow in Different Languages
These names directly mean “crow” or “raven” in translations across the world.
Name | Language | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Corvus | Latin | Crow |
Korax | Greek | Raven |
Corbeau | French | Raven |
Cuervo | Spanish | Crow |
Corvo | Italian | Raven |
Krähe | German | Crow |
Voron | Russian | Raven |
Kauwa | Hindi | Crow |
Karasu | Japanese | Crow |
Wūyā | Chinese | Crow |
Ghuraab | Arabic | Crow |
Karga | Turkish | Crow |
Kunguru | Swahili | Crow |
Ugaga | Zulu | Crow |
Varis | Finnish | Crow |
Varjú | Hungarian | Crow |
Kruk | Polish | Raven |
Brân | Welsh | Raven |
Fiach | Irish | Raven |
Fitheach | Scottish Gaelic | Raven |
Hrafn | Icelandic | Raven |
Orev | Hebrew | Raven |
Kalagh | Persian | Crow |
Uwak | Filipino | Crow |
Gagak | Malay | Crow |
Quạ | Vietnamese | Crow |
Kaaka | Tamil | Crow |
Kaki | Telugu | Crow |
Kag | Bengali | Crow |
Kagdo | Gujarati | Crow |
Kauwa | Urdu | Crow |
Kag | Nepali | Crow |
Ravn | Danish/Norwegian | Raven |
Kråka | Swedish | Crow |
Hoshino | Japanese | Little Star (used poetically for crows) |
Kaen | Japanese | Flame (used in mythology for crow) |
‘Alalā | Hawaiian | Crow (endangered species) |
Raukura | Maori | Raven/Crow |
Kagami | Japanese | Mirror (crow symbol) |
Shani Pakshi | Sanskrit/Hindi | Saturn’s Crow |
Yamapakshi | Sanskrit | Messenger Crow |
Kaag | Punjabi/Bengali | Crow |
Kaaka | Dravidian Languages | Crow |
Male Crow Names
Strong and bold names that match the intelligence and mystery of male crows.
Midnight | Storm | Ash |
Hunter | Fang | Talon |
Phantom | Coal | Raven |
Sable | Smoke | Crowley |
Dusk | Noir | Ember |
Thunder | Steel | Flint |
Ghost | Iron | Blade |
Loki | Zeus | Odin |
Hades | Merlin | Apollo |
Nero | Draco | Vortex |
Titan | Grim | Stormborn |
Echo | Obsidian | Shroud |
Ashen | Inferno | Styx |
Female Crow Names
Elegant and mysterious names that reflect the charm and wit of female crows.
Ember | Ravenna | Midnight |
Misty | Willow | Opal |
Nyx | Elvira | Astrid |
Amara | Stormy | Shadowa |
Sablea | Vespera | Celeste |
Morgana | Selene | Twilight |
Belladonna | Echoa | Pandora |
Dahlia | Astra | Persephone |
Ebonie | Umbra | Tempest |
Lilith | Seraphina | Solara |
Obscura | Liora | Ashira |
Corvina | Zephyra | Nocturna |
Baby Crow Names

Cute and tiny names for baby crows, capturing their playful and curious side.
Nibble | Tiny | Dot |
Mini | Squeak | Puff |
Pebble | Niblet | Wiggle |
Sprout | Doodle | Poppy |
Skippy | Button | Twinkle |
Coco | Fluffy | Tiki |
Sunny | Peanut | Jolly |
Lucky | Kiki | Pipsqueak |
Toto | Zippy | Fuzzy |
Momo | Snuggles | Boop |
Dinky | Lolly | Nibby |
Tinker | Bubbles | Mochi |
Pickle | Dottie | Nono |
A-Z Crow Names
An A–Z inspired list of names, perfect for finding unique crow names alphabetically.
Dusk | Ember | Flint |
Ghost | Haze | Ink |
Jet | Knight | Loki |
Mist | Noir | Obsidian |
Phantom | Quill | Raven |
Shadow | Talon | Umbra |
Vesper | Whisper | Xeno |
Yara | Zephyr | Apollo |
Bella | Crowley | Draco |
Echo | Frost | Grim |
Hydra | Ivy | Juno |
Kira | Luna | Mystic |

Dumbo Crow Names
Inspired by the famous Disney Dumbo movie, these names celebrate the charming crows from the classic film.
Deacon | Specks | Slick |
Lucky | Duke | Benny |
Louie | Benny Boy | Smokey |
Clyde | Buddy | Ace |
Sammy | Frankie | Joey |
Mickey | Benny Jr. | Duke Jr. |
Jerry | Skippy | Tipsy |
Johnny | Nibs | Rusty |
Tony | Benny Lou | Dodo |
Casper | Benny Ray | Chip |
Buster | Corky | Benny Joe |
Doodle | Skid | Domino |
Zip | Pop | Nifty |
Rooster Crow Names
Playful and farm inspired names that mix the charm of roosters with the clever nature of crows.
Sunny | Redbeak | Drumstick |
Goldie | Roosty | Buck |
Feathers | Baron | Colonel |
Scarlet | Blaze | Rudy |
Henrick | Beaker | Bravo |
Spur | Rocky | Doodle |
Patch | Rojo Jr. | Copper |
Rustico | Banty | Tango |
Pesto | Roostan | Marshal |
Roamer | Emberick | Peck |
Scarletto | Ranger | Sunnyboy |
Rufus | Buckle | Crispin |
Redwing | Rojo Max | Hopper |
Duke | Clawson | Sparrow |

Unique Crow Names
One of a kind crow names that stand out and reflect their mysterious, magical aura.
Solstice | Morwen | Nythera |
Quorra | Draegon | Veyla |
Isolde | Brontis | Kyther |
Sylphine | Corax | Aerion |
Noctis | Valora | Soren |
Obscuro | Elowen | Tareth |
Liora | Zephyrion | Thalos |
Nyxelle | Erevan | Mystra |
Veyron | Cassiel | Seraphel |
Aether | Oriel | Cindral |
Raviel | Umbraen | Fyra |
Corvane | Azura | Maelion |
Thrynn | Everis | Novara |
Zoriel | Lysander | Alvara |
Good Crow Names
Simple yet strong names that feel just right for pet or symbolic crows.
Daisy | Bella | Buddy |
Jasper | Ruby | Lucky |
Milo | Penny | Teddy |
Oscar | Rosie | Louie |
Coco | Sammy | Jack |
Finn | Molly | Toby |
Ellie | Joey | Luna |
Niko | Lily | Benny |
Scout | Poppy | Hank |
Frankie | Ivy | Rocco |
Marley | Pearl | Bruno |
Leo | Hazel | Rex |
Archie | Grace | Duke |
Sunny | Holly | George |
Conclusion
Crows are mysterious, intelligent, and fascinating creatures, making them a joy to name. Whether you prefer cute, dark, mythical, or cultural inspirations, crow names often reflect their clever personality and strong symbolism. With so many options, you can pick a name that matches your crow’s charm, character, and presence.
Explore More Bird Names
- Canary Names: Sweet and melodic name ideas for cheerful little canaries.
- Turkey Names: Fun and festive names perfect for turkeys year-round.
- Owl Names: Wise and magical name suggestions inspired by owls.
- Chicken Names: Cute, funny, and classic names for your backyard chickens.
- Bat Names: Dark, spooky, and cool names inspired by bats.
- Eagle Names: Strong and majestic names suited for the king of birds.
More Animal Name Ideas
- Lizard Names: Cool and creative names for reptiles with personality.
- Wolf Names: Fierce and powerful names inspired by the spirit of wolves.
- Swan Names: Graceful and elegant names for the beauty of swans.
- Axolotl Names: Unique and adorable names for these rare aquatic pets.
FAQs
Good crow names include Shadow, Luna, Onyx, and Raven. These names highlight the bird’s mysterious and intelligent nature.
Yes, crows are highly intelligent birds. With consistent training and interaction, they can learn to recognize and respond to their names.
Choose a name based on your crow’s personality, appearance, or symbolism. Dark, mystical, or playful names all work well depending on the vibe you want.
Yes, many cultures view crows as symbols of wisdom, transformation, and mystery. In mythology, crows often represent magic, guidance, or prophecy.
Avoid overly complicated names that are hard to repeat. Stick to short, unique, and meaningful names your crow can recognize more easily.
Yes, crows symbolize wisdom, mystery, and transformation in many traditions, from Native American folklore to Japanese mythology.
Names like Squawk, Beaky, Mischief, and Caw-Caw are funny choices that reflect a crow’s playful and noisy personality.
Yes, examples include the Dumbo crows from Disney and Huginn & Muninn, Odin’s ravens from Norse mythology.
Of course! Many people choose human names like Max, Bella, or Oliver, which make pet crows feel even more like part of the family.
Unique options include Umbra, Veyra, Obsidian, and Corax names that stand out and give your crow a special identity.